中山陵主要建筑有博爱坊、陵门、祭堂和墓室等，排列在一条中轴线上。从空中往下看，像一座平卧在绿绒毯上的“自由钟”，曾入选“首批中国20世纪建筑遗产”名录。
Dearfriends,whenyoucometoafamoushistoricalandculturalcity,youmustwanttoseethemostfamousandcharacteristicscenicspots.WhenyougettoNanjing,ifyoudon'tgotoZhongshanMausoleum,youcanonlyseehalfofNanjingcity.AlthoughNanjingisknownasthe"ancientcapitalofSixDynasties"andhasmanyplacesofinterest,suchas"fortyscenesofJinling",ZhongshanMausoleumisundoubtedlyoneofthemostattractiveandwell-known.
WhenwetalkaboutZhongshanMausoleum,weshouldofcoursementionitsowner,Dr.SunYatSen,thegreatpioneerofChina'sdemocraticrevolution.Mr.Sun'srealnameisSunWenandhischaracterisYixian.Foreignfriendscallhim"Dr.SunYatSen".Becauseheusedthepseudonymof"ZhongshanQiao"whenhewasengagedinrevolutionaryactivitiesinJapan,hewashonoredasDr.SunYatseninChina.SunYatSenwasbornonNovember12,1866inCuihengvillage,XiangshanCounty,GuangdongProvince.Hehadlittleambition.HestudiedinHonolulu,HongKongandotherplaces.Aftergraduation,hepracticedmedicineinGuangzhou,Macaoandotherplaces.Later,heabandonedmedicineandwentintopolitics.In1905,heorganizedtheChineseAllianceinJapan,andwaselectedastheleader.Heputforwardthefamousprogramof"expellingprisoners,restoringChina,establishingtheRepublicofChina,andaveraginglandrights",andthetheoryof"nation,civilrights,andpeople'slivelihood".AftertheWuchangUprisingbrokeoutonOctober10,1911,Mr.SunwaselectedastheprovisionalpresidentoftheRepublicofChinabytherepresentativesof17provinces,andwassworninininNanjingonNewYear'sdaythefollowingyear.Sincethen,hehasexperiencedmanyupsanddowns,suchas"YuanShikaistealingthecountry","thesecondrevolution","themovementtoprotectthecountry","themovementtoprotectthelaw"andsoon.AtthefirstNationalCongressoftheChineseKuomintangheldinGuangzhouinJanuary1924,hedevelopedtheoldthreepeople'sprinciplesintothenewthreepeople'sprinciples,andputforwardthreemajorpoliciesof"unitingRussiaandtheCommunistPartytohelpfarmersandworkers".InNovemberofthesameyear,attheinvitationofFengYuxiang,hewentnorthwithillnesstodiscussthenationalplan.Finally,hediedinBeijingonMarch12,1925duetochroniclabor.
ThetombsiteofZhongshanMausoleumwasselectedbyMr.Sun.It'sagoodplacetobuildamausoleumbecauseofitswideviewandmagnificentweather.Youmayask:Mr.SunwasborninGuangdong,diedinBeijing,andspenthiswholelifetravelingfortherevolution.WhydidhechooseNanjingashisrestingplace?
Itissaidthatasearlyas1912,whenMr.Suntookofficeastheprovisionalpresident,theabbotmonkofLingguTempleoncerecommendedthisgeomantictreasurelandof"PingchuaninthefrontandQingzhangintheback".OnMarch31ofthatyear,inordertoseekthepeacefulreunificationofthenorthandthesouth,Dr.SunYatSenresolutelyresignedaspresident.OnedayinearlyApril,heandHuHanminwenthuntingintheareaofXiaolingMausoleumofMingDynasty,andcametothesiteofthemausoleumtohavearest.Mr.Sunlookedaroundandsaidtotheleftandright,whenIdieinthefuture,Iwanttoaskthepeopleforthislandforburial.Ofcourse,themomentumandFengShuiofZijinMountainisnotthefundamentalreasonforMr.Sun'sdecision.Onhisdeathbed,Mr.Sunsaid:"aftermydeath,IcanbeburiedatthefootofZijinMountaininNanjing.BecauseNanjingistheplacewheretheprovisionalgovernmentwasestablished,Iwillnotforgettherevolutionof1911."Therefore,althoughMr.Sun'sstayinNanjingisnotlong,NanjingisofspecialsignificancetoMr.Sun.HechoseNanjingZijinMountainasthetombsite,fundamentallyspeaking,tocommemoratetherevolutionof1911andinspiretherevolutionarycolleagues.
InordertorespectMr.Sun'swill,thepreparatoryofficeforSunYatSen'sburial,composedofhiswifeSongQinglingandSunKe,inspectedthesiteonthespot,selectedthesiteofthemausoleum,plannedasiteof2000mutorepairthemausoleum,andpublishedanewspaperawardtocollectthemausoleumdesign.Amongtheapplicants,thebellpatterndesignedbyyoungarchitectLVYanzhiwasunanimouslyawardedthefirstprize,andhewasalsoemployedtopresideoveralltheprojects.OnMarch12,1926,onthefirstanniversaryofMr.Sun'sdeath,afoundationlayingceremonywasheld.Ittookmorethanthreeyearsandcost1.5millionsilveryuan.ZhongshanMausoleumwasfinallycompletedinthespringof1929.Unfortunately,LuYanzhi,atalentedyoungarchitectstudyingintheUnitedStates,devotedhimselftotheconstructionofthemausoleum.Unfortunately,hesufferedfromlivercanceraswellasMr.Sun.Hediedattheendoftheprojectattheageof35.TheFenganceremonywasheldonJune1,1929,andMr.Sun'sbodywastransportedfromBeijingtoNanjing.Sincethen,Mr.Sunhasbeensleepinghereformorethan60years.
TheconstructionofZhongshanMausoleumisagreateventinthehistoryofNanjingcityconstruction.InordertomeetMr.Sun'sspiritualpivot,Nanjingbuiltthefirstasphaltroad,ZhongshanRoad,whichis24Lilong,fromZhongshanWharfinthewesttoZhongshanGateintheEast.Uptonow,ZhongshanroadisstilloneofthemainroadsinNanjing.Atthesametime,theChaoyangGateofMingDynastywasrenovatedandrenamedZhongshanGate.AcemeteryroadwasbuiltbetweenZhongshanGateandZhongshanMausoleum.JustasParisiansareproudoftheChampsElyseesandNewYorkersareproudoftheFifthAvenue,NanjingpeoplearemostproudofthebeautifulBoulevardoftheircity.The3kmlongCemeteryRoadisundoubtedlythebestrepresentativeofNanjingAvenue.Onthissideofthe"greencorridor",WutongisplantedonthemainstreettreeofNanjing.Peopleusedtocallit"China'sWutong",buttracedbacktothesource,itisournativeproduct.ItwasonlybecausetheFrenchtransplanteditfromYunnantotheFrenchconcessioninShanghaithattheygotthenameofthecombinationoflocalandforeigncultures.
AfterleavingZhongshanGate,drivealongLingyuanRoad,andtheendpointisthehalfmoonsquareinfrontofZhongshanMausoleum.Pleaselooksouth.Justsouthofthesquareisanoctagonalstoneplatform.Thetwoearedandthreeleggedredcoppertripodonthestage,weighing5000kg,is4.25metershighand1.23metersindiameter.ItisoneofthecommemorativedecorationsofZhongshanMausoleum.Thetripodwascastintheautumnof1933anddonatedbyalltheteachersandstudentsofGuangzhouSunYatsenUniversityandDaiJitao."Wisdom,benevolenceandbravery"isthemottoofSunYatsenUniversity.Thereisahexagonalbronzeplateinthetripod,engravedwiththefulltextoffilialpietywrittenbyDaiMu.
Steppingupfromthesquare,facingisastonearchwaywithfourpillarsandthreegates.Builtin1931-1933,thearchwayis12metershighand17.3meterswide.ThebuildingblocksaremadeoflargepiecesofFujiangranite,buttheyaremadeoftraditionalChinesewoodstructure.Whenyoulookup,youcanseetheglitteringword"fraternity"inthemiddleofthesquare.ThesetwowordsareMr.Sun'shandwriting,originallyfromtheTangHanYu's"originalway"of"fraternityisbenevolence".ItissaidthatMr.Sunlovedtogiveawaytheword"title"whenhewasalive.Mr.Sundevotedhiswholelifetothebourgeoisdemocraticrevolutionwiththegreatspiritoffraternity,andfoughtfortheindependenceandfreedomofthenation.Itcanbesaidthattheword"fraternity"isahighsummaryandthebestportrayalofhislife.
WalkingforwardfromBoAiFangisa480meterlongandtensofmeterswidetombpassage.TheoveralldesignofZhongshanMausoleumhighlightsthetraditionalChinesestyle,solemnandunique.Inordertoreflectsun'ssublimityandgreatness,ZhongshanMausoleumfollowedtheancientcustomoftakingthemountainasthemausoleum,andbuiltthetombchamberatthehighestplaceofthemausoleumatanaltitudeofabout160meters.Inaddition,thearchitecturalvegetationofthewholemausoleumareaisaxialsymmetry,whichgivespeopleasenseofsolemnity.Pleaselookahead.Facingnorth,therearemausoleumgate,stelePavilion,sacrificialhallandtombchamberbehindthesacrificialhall.Thecedars,cypresses,Ginkgobilobaandredmapleonbothsidesofthetombpathareoppositeeachother,replacingthestonemanandstonebeastusedinancienttimes,symbolizingMr.Sun'srevolutionaryspiritandnoblequality.Cedrusdeodaraisoneofthefourmajorornamentaltreespeciesintheworld,andhasbecomethecitytreeofNanjing.
Attheendofthepassageistheplatform.AccordingtothedesignofLVYanzhi,thewholemausoleumisintheshapeof"MuDuo".Duoiswhatweusuallycallbigbellblock.Inancienttimes,itwasusedtoannouncereligiousandpoliticaldecreesandwarorders.Duo'svoiceisloud,andspreadfaraway.Ithasthemetaphoricalmeaningof"maketheworldreachTao".TheselectionofsuchaschemeforthemausoleumremindsusofMr.Sun'sfamoussayingthat"therevolutionhasnotyetbeensuccessful,comradesstillneedtoworkhard",anditsintentionisalsowarningfuturegenerations.Theplatformsquarehereistheloweredgeofthe"freedomclock"designedbyLVYanzhi.Thismagnificentthreearchgateistheofficialbeginningofthemausoleum.Itis16metershigh,27meterswideand8.8metersdeep.ItisalsomadeofFujiangranite.OnthebannerofZhongmenisSunYatSen'shandwritten"theworldisforthepublic",whichcomesfromthebookofrites.Liyun's"thejourneyoftheroadisalsotheworldisforthepublic",whichmeansthatthestatepowerisnottheworldofanyfamily,buttheworldofthepeopleandthepeople.ThisistheidealthatMr.Sunhasstrivedforallhislifeandanexcellentannotationofthethreepeople'sprinciplesheadvocated.
AfterthemausoleumgateisthestelePavilion.Onthe9-meter-highmonumentinthecenterofthepavilion,thereare24largecharacterswithgoldinlaidface,writtenbyTanYankai,aveteranoftheKuomintang,"theChineseKuomintangburiedMr.SunhereonJune1,theeighteenthyearoftheRepublicofChina.".Atthebeginningofthediscussion,WangJingweiandHuHanminplannedtowriteinscriptionsandepitaphsrespectively.Ittooktwoyearstowrite.WeallthinkthatMr.Wang'sideologicalachievementscan'tbesummarizedbywords,sowesimplydon'twriteinscriptionsandusethepresentforminstead.
Outofthepavilion,facingthestonestepslayeruponlayer.NanjingpeopleoftensaythatthestepsofZhongshanMausoleumarelikestonelionsofLugoubridge.Sovisitorshereoftenask:howmanystepsdoesZhongshanMausoleumhave?
Dearfriends,youmightaswellcountit,OK?